Court Case of Brown v. Board of Education

The 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education ended with a Supreme Court decision that helped lead to the desegregation of schools throughout America. Prior to the ruling, African-American children in Topeka, Kansas were denied access to all-white schools due to laws allowing for separate but equal facilities. The idea of separate but equal was given legal standing with the 1896  Supreme Court  ruling in  Plessy v. Ferguson. This doctrine required that any separate facilities had to be of equal quality. However, the plaintiffs in Brown v. Board of Education successfully argued that segregation was inherently unequal.   Case Background In the early 1950s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) brought class action lawsuits against school districts in several states, seeking court orders that would require the districts to allow black children to attend white schools. One of these suits was filed against the board of education in Topeka, Kansas, on behalf of Oliver Brown, a parent of a child who was denied access to white schools in the Topeka school district. The original case was tried in a district court and was defeated on the grounds that the black schools and white schools were sufficiently equal and therefore segregated schooling in the district was protected under the Plessy decision. The case was then heard by the Supreme Court in 1954, along with other similar cases from around the country, and it became known as Brown v. Board of Education. The chief council for the plaintiffs was Thurgood Marshall, who later became the first black Justice appointed to the Supreme Court. Brown’s Argument The lower court that ruled against Brown focused on comparisons of basic facilities offered in both the black and white schools of the Topeka school district. By contrast, the Supreme Court case involved a much more in-depth analysis, looking at the effects that the different environments had on the students. The Court determined that segregation led to lowered self-esteem and a lack of confidence that could affect a child’s ability to learn. It found that  separating students by race sent the message to black students that they were inferior to white students and therefore schools serving each race separately could never be equal.   The Significance ofBrown v. Board of Education The  Brown  decision was truly significant because it overturned the separate but equal doctrine established by the Plessy decision. While previously the 13th Amendment to the  Constitution  was interpreted so that equality before the law could be met through segregated facilities, with  Brown  this was no longer true. The  14th Amendment  guarantees equal protection under the law, and the Court ruled that separate facilities based on race were ipso facto unequal. Compelling Evidence One piece of evidence that greatly influenced the Supreme Court decision was based on research  performed by two educational psychologists, Kenneth, and Mamie Clark. The Clarks presented children as young as 3 years old with white and brown dolls. They found that overall the children rejected the brown dolls when asked to pick which dolls they liked the best, wanted to play with, and thought were a nice color. This underlined the inherent inequality of a separate educational system based on race.

Microeconomics Ice Cream Analysis - 2638 Words

ECO 201 : Microeconomics Research Paper The Unilever Group Ben and Jerry’s Homemade Inc. Ice Cream June 9, 2011 Deborah Minassian ECO 201 : Microeconomics Research Paper The Unilever Group Ben and Jerry’s Homemade Inc. Ice Cream June 9, 2011 Deborah Minassian Abstract Ben Jerry’s Homemade, Inc. has been in business since 1978. Approximately 40% of the world s frozen dairy desserts, 5.6 billion liters per year, are manufactured at more than 450 U.S. ice cream plants. This makes the United States the largest producer of ice cream and related products in the world. With the world s largest milk supply, an abundance of land, and investments in research development, U.S. frozen dairy dessert production has remained†¦show more content†¦If all exchange rates remained equal they would have reported a decline in profit of 1.0% which is a result of the world economies. The Unilever Group’s report on ice cream stated that they saw volume growth and share gains in most markets. Specifically they saw a strong performance in Western Europe, Mexico, Indonesia and Australia. Much of this growth was due to the Magnum Gold acquisition and the marketing of this product in these markets. Product quality improvements helped their Klondike line achieve strong results in the U.S.A. The Unilever Group maintained a negative price growth in ice cream. The negative price growth reflected slightly lower gross margins, at constant currency, with commodity costs higher. According to Market Line a leading business information company, in 2007, the companies with the largest shares in the ice cream business was Unilever, Nestle and General Mills. The breakdown is as follows: This chart demonstrates the amount of market share Unilever had among its competitors during 2007. Competitive Advantage Although Ben and Jerry’s is owned by a large international corporation, company s mission statement continues to describe what Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield started in an old gas station: A social mission to operate the company in such a way that a concern for the global community is calculated in corporateShow MoreRelatedMicroeconomics ( Short Written Response ) Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesany other file format please discuss this with your lecturer well before the assignment submission date. Student Name: Sumit Sharma Student ID No.: 22654049 Unit Name: ECONOMICS AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Unit Code: ECO82001 Tutor’s name: Badri Bhattrai Assignment No.: 2 Assignment Title: MICROECONOMICS ( SHORT WRITTEN RESPONSE) Due date: 5,DEC,2016 Date submitted: 5,DEC,2016 Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules Relating to Awards (Rule 3 Section 18 – Academic Misconduct IncludingRead MoreSavoury Ice Cream Pr Brief3268 Words   |  14 Pagesstatement We are the Skyline consultancy and the Savoury Ice Cream campaign is designed and planned by:....... Our client is Bill and Joey’s (â€Å"BJ†), a newly formed British company who are planning to produce a savoury ice cream product for the UK market. Executive summary The skyline consultancy has been asked to plan a campaign for the BJ Company which will be launching a range of savoury ice cream in the UK. We will carry out market analysis which identifies the target market, followed by theRead MoreFrost Gelato Shoppe Europe : An Italian Inspired Ice Cream / Gelato Business2120 Words   |  9 PagesFrost Gelato Shoppe Europe is an Italian inspired ice cream/gelato business which is located in Tucson, Arizona, USA. It is steered under the leadership of co-founders Jeffrey Kaiserman and Stephen Ochoa, alongside their 22 years experienced gelato master chef, Nazario Melchiondia (Orr, 2009). Over the years the business has flourished resulting in the opening of new shops, including franchises that have been established in Kuwait and US states such as Chicago and Phoenix (Villarreal, P, 2011). MoreRead MoreAshford ECO 204 Principles of Microeconomics1078 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿CLICK TO DOWNLOAD Ashford ECO 204 Principles of Microeconomics Week 1 Discussion 1: Circular Flow Diagram. Explain how the circular flow diagram relates to the current economic situation. Using the circular flow diagram, explain a way that your family interacts in the factor market and a way that it interacts in the products market. Discussion 2: Supply and Demand. Analyze how the law of demand applies to a recent purchase that you made. Describe how the product has changed in price and explainRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Wensley ( And Nestle )1067 Words   |  5 PagesSwitzerland The most important figures Peter Brabeck-Eetmat (Chairman) Paul Bolekh (Chief Executive Officer) Number of employees 276 050 (2007) Industry Food Industry Products baby food, coffee, dairy products, confectionery, bottled water, ice cream, food animals Revenue ââ€" ² US $ 121.103 Billion (2007) Web site Nestle.com The history of the company The beginning of the company was in 1860 when a pharmacist Henri Nestle developed a special food for infants achieved great success when the recipeRead MoreNegative Externalities And The Effect On The Perception Of A Student At Cal State Dominguez Hills And Why It Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pageseffect. If the impact on the bystander is contrary, it is called a negative externality, on the other hand, if it is beneficial, it is called a positive externality. I will explain how microeconomic tools and materials we have covered this semester apply towards externalities and then follow on to its historical analysis. Then I will take it back to the role of the government with externalities which will then lead to how externalities are relevant in my daily life as a student at Cal State DominguezRead MoreMicroeconomic Analysis Questionnaire2929 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿BEO2264 MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS TUTORIAL QUESTIONS TOPIC 1 Question 1 (a) Discuss how microeconomic theory can help to explain the effects of lowering the minimum wage for teenage employees in the retail industry (b) How is the usefulness of a theory evaluated (c) â€Å"Observation without theory and theory without observation are equally useless in explaining the complexities of the real world†. Discuss. Question 2 (a) Distinguish between positive analysis and normative analysis. (b)Read MoreEcomonic Study and Market Analysis of Jollibee Food Corporation3262 Words   |  14 PagesECONOMIC STUDY AND MARKET ANALYSIS OF JOLLIBEE FOODS CORPORATION JOLLIBEE FOODS CORPORATION: A COMPANY OVERVIEW Jollibee Foods Corporation is one of the biggest known fast-food companies in the Philippines. Jollibee is a dominant market leader in the country that enjoys the biggest market share which is more than all the other multinational brands combined. Jollibee was founded by Tony Tan and his family with its humble beginnings as an Ice Cream Parlor which later grew into an emerging globalRead More Ethnographic study at McDonalds Essay2112 Words   |  9 Pageshandle the orders. Despite that, she was friendly and with a smile on the face to welcome the customers. The most common food they offered - popular to the customers - involved hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French Fries, shakes, nuggets, rice and ice creams. After I paid and took my order, I looked around and there was an empty table in the corner. The tables and the floor were cleaned as soon as a customer leaves. I noticed a small group of young boys and girls entering in the McDonalds’ shop. TheyRead MoreAdvanced Placem ent Microeconomics23462 Words   |  94 PagesAdvanced Placement Microeconomics Instructor, Mrs. Peggy Pride Study Notes to accompany Economics Principles, Problems and Policies, 15th Ed. Campbell McConnell Stanley Brue AP MICROECONOMICS SEMESTER PLAN Instructor, Mrs. Peggy Pride TEXT: Economics, Principles, Problems and Policies, 15th Edition, McConnell and Brue Video: Econ U$A series with discussion Class Activities: APIP workbook activities, reinforcement and writing activities and other teacher-developed materials This semester-long

Dental Caries Free Essays

What is dental caries and how can it be prevented? Dental caries is a disease which infects the hard tissues (enamel, dentin, and cementum) of the teeth, it can also be known as cavity or tooth decay. This disease leads to holes that destroy the structure of the teeth that are also known as cavities. It usually comes from food that has accumulated on the surface of the tooth. We will write a custom essay sample on Dental Caries or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bacteria mostly responsible in causing dental cavities are known as mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. By not treating this disease a person could be subjected to infection, pain, and eventually tooth loss. It is also one of the most common dental diseases around the world. There are two causes of dental caries known as primary and secondary. The primary causes are bacteria that lives in the mouth, then it is the sugars that have been revealed to be the worst in relation to causing dental caries called sucrose, even though other sugars may play an active role, and lastly there is the number of acids produced by the actions of playa bacteria on sugar, but the most significant one is called lactic acid. The secondary cause is bad oral hygiene. Unbalanced nutrition, especially the lack of iron, calcium, and phosphorus from food are also included in the secondary cause. A person will be subjected to symptoms like pain and tooth decay. It depends on how decayed the tooth is as too the extreme of pain the person may feel. A small hole in the tooth, being sensitive to cold and hot food or beverages, bad breath known as halitosis, swelling of the gums, and facial swelling are also known symptoms of dental caries. In efforts of preventing dental caries a person could take oral hygiene such as proper brushing and flossing daily serious. Brushing helps keep plaque from building on the teeth and flossing does as well but it also helps remove leftover food that the toothbrush cannot reach or leaves behind. There are proper ways of brushing and flossing in which a person should use in efforts of getting the results they need and want, these can be taught by a dentist. Fluoride is another preventive measure that is used it helps build a strong resistance to tooth decay. The main purpose of fluoride in dental plaques is thought to be that it inhibits the initial elimination of enamel and promotes elimination of early lesions. Most researchers consider the fluoride in toothpaste to be the most effective in trying to control dental caries. The two principal topical mechanisms in fluoride are inhibiting bacterial metabolism and demineralization. However, using too much fluoride could cause white or areas of colors on teeth, and even fluoride poisoning. Nutrition is also used as a prevention against dental caries. Limiting your snack intake is recommended because snacking builds a continuous supply of nutrition for acid-creating bacteria. Eating foods that are sticky and chewy, for example candy or dried fruit), stick to the teeth longer and as a consequence, are best eaten at mealtime. Brushing the teeth is always recommended after all meals. It has been recommended that parents not give infants their bottles while sleeping and limit the amount of drinks they consume that are full of sugars. There are treatments for dental caries that can help prevent tooth damage from leading to cavities. The treatment depends on the condition, for instance at the onset a person could be given antibiotics but as it worsens tooth fillings, crowns, and root canals can be used. References http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tooth_infections How to cite Dental Caries, Essay examples

Mentioned Provides Consistent Governance -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mentioned Provides Consistent Governance? Answer: Introducation As the Essendon FC Board Member, I think the reported allegations to doping pose a significant risk to the public image of the football club. To start with, it is a risk to the financial status of the club considering the charges and sanctions imposed under the anti-doping code. Besides, institutions that fund and sponsor the club may withdraw their financial funding support from the club due to ethical considerations of relationship with Essendon. This would pose management challenges to club considering the club requires financial assistance to run its activities. Secondly, the club is at the risk of public scrutiny across the media. The issue of doping by the club relayed on several media will raise concerns to the public and more questions with regards to doping behaviors. Lastly, the club faces the risk of suspension during the investigation period, or if found guilty, the club may be facing a ban from participating in the national and international leagues. The board members ar e at the risk of facing sanctions and doping charges. The set regulations may impose fines to board members of the club for failing to abide by anti-doping laws. Also, the board members may be accused of poor governance and management which reduces the boards competitive edge in the sports industry. In essence, government intervention and control from regulatory bodies may strip off the board its power and rights to host and manage the club (essendonfc.com.au, 2013). While the Board appoints the Senior Coach, the Senior Coach reports to the CEO, who then reports to the Board. Le Grand claims that: As with everyone else in a position of authority at Essendon, he [Hird] could have done more to prevent what happened in 2012, as he has admitted since. To what extent do you agree with that statement? I tend to agree with the statement respecting Hird is a senior coach, and he has the responsibility of ensuring the welfare of the club particularly the players is maintained. Besides, he could have liaised with the CEO regarding the situation and important issues regarding the club governance. Consequently, as the senior coach and with his delegated responsibilities, he could have consulted the CEO and called out for a meeting with the board members to find an effective solution to the issue (essendonfc.com.au, 2013) Whose responsibility should it have been to check the credentials of staff employed in the sports science team, including Robinson and Dank? Nonetheless, the Club lacks a human resource department, whereby the recruitment and staffing responsibilities are delegated to the senior coach and the CEO (Constitution of the Essendon Football Club, 2011). I believe a human resource department within the club could be useful in meeting the staffing needs. The Board members should delegate professional executives with human resource management experience to ensure hiring competent staff to manage the club. What role does the conflict between the goal of winning premierships and complying with the rules play in the culture of the Club and decisions made by the Board? The conflict of ensuring the club wins in the premiership level and complying with the rules leads to the existing problems that result in the senior coach and fitness manager in ensuring the players get bigger through the supplement program. The culture of the club and decisions made by the board members are affected by the conflict considering the contingent issues arising from violating the AFL rules in club management (Esssendon Football Club Annual Report 2012, 2012). What role could or should the Board have played to prevent this situation from arising? The Board should have played a significant role in dealing with the issue at early stages and preventing further problems. The Board should have held meetings on a regular basis with the coach, CEO, and players to ensure a memorandum of understanding within the club. The board could have formulated a job description for the senior coach and the CEO to ensure the responsibilities of every personnel are well stipulated. Does the CEO bear ultimate responsibility? Could tightening up expenditure approvals through financial delegations; accountability and reporting, have prevented this situation from arising? Considering the Essendon case, the CEO was delegated with the almost full responsibility for controlling and managing the club; the CEO bears ultimate responsibility in the club(Constitution of the Essendon Football Club, 2011). I agree that tightening up expenditure approvals through financial delegations; accountability and reporting would have prevented the situation from arising. The solution as mentioned earlier provides consistent governance and delegation of duties ensuring that every individual is accountable for their actions. References Constitution of the Essendon Football Club. (2011). [pdf] Australian Football League. Available at: https://s.afl.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/Essendon/Images/EssendonFC-Constitution-Dec-11.pdf [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Essendonfc.com.au. (2013).Dr. Ziggy Switkowski report - essendonfc.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/2013-05-06/dr-ziggy-switskowski-report [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Essendonfc.com.au. (2013).Evans, Robson Hird press conference - essendonfc.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.essendonfc.com.au/video/2013-02-05/evans-robson-hird-press-conference [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017]. Esssendon Football Club Annual Report 2012. (2012). [pdf] Essendon Football Club. Available at:https://www.essendonfc.com.au/staticfile/AFL%20Tenant/Essendon/Images/EFC_annual_report_2012.pdf [Accessed 4 Oct. 2017].